Swedish Patronymics and Surnames Explained

Until the turn of the  20th century, family surnames were not in common use in Sweden. Instead, most Swedes followed a  patronymic naming system, practiced by about  90–95% of the population.  Patronymics (from the Greek  pater, meaning  father, and  onoma, for name)  is the process of designating a surname based upon the given name of the father, thus consistently changing the family surname from one generation to the next. Using Gender Distinction In Sweden,  -son or -dotter was usually  added to the fathers given name for gender distinction. For example,  Johan Andersson would be the son of Anders (Anders’ son) and  Anna Svensdotter the daughter of Sven (Svens’ dotter). Swedish sons names are traditionally spelled with a double s—the first s is the possessive s (Nils as in Nils son) while the second is the s in son. Technically, names that already ended in s such as Nils or Anders should have three ss under this system, but that practice wasnt often followed. It is not uncommon to find Swedish emigrants dropping the extra s for practical reasons, to better assimilate into their new country. Swedish patronymic son names always end in  son, and never sen. In Denmark the regular patronymic is sen. In Norway, both are used, although sen is more common. Icelandic names traditionally end in son or dotir. Adopting Nature Names During the latter-half of the 19th century, some families in Sweden began to take on an additional surname to help distinguish them from others of the same name.  The use of an extra family surname  was more common  for people who moved from the countryside into the city where long-term use of patronymics would have  resulted in dozens of individuals with the same name.  These names were often a composition of words taken from nature, sometimes called nature names.  Generally, the names were made up of two natural features, which may or may not have made sense together (e.g. Lindberg from lind for linden and berg for mountain), although sometimes a single word would make up the entire family name (e.g. Falk for falcon). Sweden passed the Names Adoption Act in December  1901, requiring all citizens to adopt heritable surnames—names that would pass down intact instead of changing every generation. Many families adopted their current surname as their hereditary family surname; a practice  often referred to as a frozen patronymic. In some cases, the family just chose a name they liked—such as a nature name, an occupational surname related to their trade, or a name they were given in the military (e.g. Trygg for confident). At this time most women who were using patronymic surnames ending in -dotter changed their surname to the male version ending in -son. One last note about patronymic surnames. If you are interested in DNA testing for genealogical purposes, a frozen patronymic does not generally go back enough generations to be useful for a Y-DNA surname project. Instead, consider a geographical project such as the Sweden DNA Project.

The Heart Of The Dust - Original Writing Essay - 1269 Words

â€Å"It’s finally over† said Menzil with a sigh. â€Å"It is if they all gathered here† affirmed Vorà ©l. No sooner had he spoken this than the corrupted ash began to stir from the ground. â€Å"BLAST! What now?† He cursed, as a vortex of corruption formed beneath the crystal barbs that had snared the corrupt collective. Without hesitation Menzil unleashed a beam of purifying energy into the heart of the storm, expecting to eradicate what little remained of the corruption. To her dismay, the corruption passed through the beam unscathed. As she cut off the beam, the form of a small dragon became visible at the heart of the vortex, corruption flowing into its form, forming its bone, flesh, and scales. When the last of the corruption reached it, the fledgling dragon opened its eyes and let out a shuddering breath. Immune realized Menzil with horror. But to her surprise, the corrupted dragon simply stood there, quivering, eyes to the ground with its tail low. â€Å"That s odd.† commented Vorà ©l â€Å"The others charged us on sight. what makes this one different?† â€Å"I don’t know...† responded menzil. She sent out a tendril of consciousness, intending to form a weak bond and speak with the corrupted whelp but the moment Menzil’s mind touched the corrupted dragon’s a wave of the Fledglings horror overwhelmed Menzil. Fragmented scenes of violence and bloodshed flowed through her consciousness, several it seemed, from the same battles, each seen through a new pair of eyes. It was only when she saw theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men 1564 Words   |  7 Pagescriticism and crazy, there is no limit to what you can accomplish. The first genre I chose to include is poetry because it shows how Steinbeck’s personal life could have been. I also chose to include a journal entry because Steinbeck’s certain writing style is unique and would be intriguing to see how he creates his magnificent ideas for his stories. The third genre is an news article because the life of John Steinbeck’s is one that shows how his early life and developments as a young writer andRead MoreAesthetic Differences Between Chinese and Western Poetry1726 Words   |  7 Pagesof Chang Gan Xing by Ezra Pound and Xu Yuangchong respectively. Ã¥  Ã¤ ºâ€Ã¥ §â€¹Ã¥ ±â€¢Ã§Å"‰, æ„ ¿Ã¥ Å'Ã¥ °ËœÃ¤ ¸Å½Ã§  °Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¥ ¸ ¸Ã¥ ­ËœÃ¦Å  ±Ã¦Å¸ ±Ã¤ ¿ ¡, Ã¥ ²â€šÃ¤ ¸Å Ã¦Å"݌ ¤ «Ã¥  °Ã£â‚¬â€š Version 1(by Ezra Pound) At fifteen I stopped scowling, I desired my dust to be mingled with yours Forever and forever, and forever. Why should I clime the look out? Version 2(by Xu Yuangchong) I was fifteen when I composed my brows. To mix my dust with yours were my dear vows. Rather than break faith, you declared you’d die. Who knew I’d live alone in a tower high? 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She liked the empty seats upon her, seats she could fill with her imagination. Each string she played was original. She filled her time with composing or writing music. Hazel walks here everyday. Carrying her violin and loose papers stuffed in her case filled withRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1458 Words   |  6 Pagescharacters and significant events throughout The Great Gatsby. Music is another artistic canvass Fitzgerald utilizes to depict his views of socio-economics and love. The large gap between America’s economic classes is prevalent in Fitzgerald’s writing and choice of music. The first example of this is in Chapter 3, â€Å"By seven o’clock the orchestra has arrived no thin five-piece affair but a whole pit full of oboes and trombones and saxophones and violins and cornets and piccolos and low and highRead MoreAnalysis Of Vampiress In Media1109 Words   |  5 Pagesglance. If McGrath were to refine the interview, many people would be drawn towards the article instead of abandoning it in its current state. When first reading through the piece, it is clear that the author of the summaries lacks any form of writing style. Each new sentence is a slab of information, completely devoid of any intriguing wordplay or downright thought woven in. Sentences such as â€Å"Of his sixteen feature before Byzantium, there are only two on which he does not have screenwriting credit†(McGrathRead More Comparison of the Portrayal of Nature in Blake and Wordsworth1518 Words   |  7 PagesBlakes ideal situation is one where imagination would run free and the relationship between man and nature would blossom as man brings his imaginative vision to his meetings with nature. The `mind-forgd manacles would be thrown off and left in the dust of innocence and experience. In The Schoolboy (Songs of Experience), Blake identifies a bird in juxtaposition with the image of the child. In the poem, the child loves to be outside in the summer, when the birds are singing all around, but goingRead MoreParamore - Now Video Analysis1286 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen in a concert style set-up studio or location miming along to a ballad with bright lights and colorful writing whilst minor storylines happen around them. Instead this video is set in a battlefield filled with dirty- clothed enemies, dust and rotten vegetation, making them the storyline. This has often been done in pop music videos such as ‘Battlefield by Jordin Sparks’ and ‘Jar Of Hearts by Christina Perri†. In a previous Paramore video for ‘crushcrushcrush’ they were in a similar dusty settingRead MoreEssay about Fiction Writing1250 Words   |  5 PagesFiction Writing I sat inhaling and exhaling the sweet sent of this unfamiliar room. As I sat on the solid cherry parquet floor with my back supported by the dusty pink wall, tears of bleakness rolled down my pale cheeks. I drew in a long breath of air in order to calm myself down. I had run up the huge spiral staircase of this huge house, in less than a minute. As adrenaline was still pumping through my body, I found a room to escape my parents annoying bickering.Read MoreIndia My Native Land2185 Words   |  9 Pagesthe degradation and devaluation of India because of her slavery to the British and seeks to regain India’s lost glory and reverence. The poem begins with a grief-stricken utterance  My country!  that reverberates throughout the poem. The poet, with a heart brimming with sorrow, grieves over the lamentable and nightmare scenario of present India. India is trodden under the British feet.   *  My country! The profound patriotic fervor of the poet finds expression in this passionate address.  ºÃ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Here,

Beauty Analysis of the Idea of Beauty Free Essays

Beauty: Analysis of the Idea of Beauty Is beauty only skin deep? What role, if any, does society play in the views of beauty? Does body modification enhance or detract from a person’s beauty? What role does the idea of beauty play in a person’s life? The idea of beauty is something that has changed over generations, and is something that is constantly evolving to this day. The idea of beauty is shaped by media interaction, societal views, and also engaged in by body modification whether that modification be piercing, tattooing, extreme dieting, plastic surgery, or otherwise. Do we, as a society, overvalue the idea of beauty? People use various practices to shape their bodies into culturally defined ideal physiques, and media both construct and reinforce beauty ideals. We will write a custom essay sample on Beauty: Analysis of the Idea of Beauty or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (Jackson Lyons, 2012) Beauty is defined by the culture a person lives in, grew up in, and is shaped by throughout life. The idea of beauty is never the same for any person, but can have similar characteristics. The media, which is a conduit of the social norm, defines beauty everyday and many feel the need to change themselves in order to fit this idea. â€Å"Within contemporary Westernized cultures there is a pervasive interest in practices aimed at altering the human physique. Such practices, which include cosmetic surgery, bodybuilding, dietary modification, exercise regimes, and eating disorders, signify a cultural fascination with (a pursuit of) the ‘perfect’ body. † (Jackson Lyons, 2012) Some people dedicate their entire lives for the quest to find their ideal of beauty, to become that ideal and to fall into what is deemed as beautiful by societal standards set in place. But is this correct? Is the ideal of beauty presented by the media, and interpreted by the viewer, correct? Are people motivated to modify their bodies because they are dissatisfied with the image of their body? Body image dissatisfaction is pervasive in America. We believe this dissatisfaction may motivate many persons to undergo cosmetic surgery,† indicates David Sarwer, assistant professor of psychology in psychiatry and surgery at the Center for Human Appearance. â€Å"Many persons hope that cosmetic surgery will help them feel better about their appearan ce, which, in turn, may promote other psychological benefits, such as improved self-esteem. † (USA, 1999) Many people turn to plastic surgery to modify their bodies because they want to be thought of as beautiful, whether it be by themselves, another person, or society as a whole. Some people can even take drastic measures and develop unhealthy mental conditions which would make them undergo plastic surgery in a desperate attempt to â€Å"fix† themselves. â€Å"Extreme body image dissatisfaction can be a symptom of body dysmorphic disorder, a psychiatric condition defined as a preoccupation with a slight defect in appearance that leads to excessive concern and interruption in daily functioning. † (USA, 1999) But by going through such extremes, is a person really gaining beauty or are they really demolishing what was already beautiful in the first place? Is being dissatisfied with their body, because of the ideals of beauty pressured onto individuals by society, really a reason to change their image through such a drastic measure as plastic surgery? If body modification through plastic surgery is used to capture that â€Å"ideal beauty†, then what about other forms such as piercing, tattooing, carving, or otherwise? Are those deemed acceptable ways to encompass that idea of beauty presented by society? â€Å"Rumbling through the biker culture and punk, piercing gradually shed its outlaw image and was mass marketed to the impressionable by music videos, rock stars and models. (Leo, 1995) Such extreme forms of body modification are presented by the media and societal pressures to be acceptable, fashionable, and â€Å"in style†. As such, many people leap at the idea to become beautiful through such extreme measures. â€Å"Fashions and fetishes. [†¦]Some ask for dramatic piercings to enhance sexual pleasure, to seem daring or fashionable, to express rage, or to forge a group identity. [†¦]Piercing is part of the broader â€Å"body modification† movement, which includes tattooing, corsetry, branding and scarring by knife. It’s a sign of the times that the more bizarre expressions of this movement keep pushing into the mainstream. (Leo, 1995) But is that all there is to it? Media has deemed such body modification to be acceptable, and society has agreed that it is an idea of beauty. The arguments for, and against, the idea of beauty presented by the media, accepted and enforced by society, and the extremes at which people can go to gain that ideal beauty can be found everywhere. Is beauty only skin deep? Do we, as a society, overvalue the idea of beauty? Media can incite people to what ideal beauty is. Society enforces these views and pressure people into fitting it. Body modification is used by many to gain that idea beauty. But in the end, is that ideal beauty of the skin and body correct or even worth it? References: JACKSON, J. , ; LYONS, T. C. (2012). The perfect body: Men and women negotiate spaces of resistance against beauty and gender ideologies. Women’s Studies Journal, 26(1), 25-33. USA, T. (1999, February). Focusing on body image dissatisfaction. USA Today, 127(2645), Leo, J. (1995, 7 23). The ‘modern primatives’. U. S. News. Retrieved from http://www. usnews. com/usnews/opinion/articles/950731/archive_032505. htm How to cite Beauty: Analysis of the Idea of Beauty, Essay examples

Cuban Missile Crisis free essay sample

Cuban missile crisis- review on events of important history The world was on the edge of nuclear war with the cabin missile crisis. The Cuban revolution, Bay of Pigs, blockade or quarantine, and the cold war. There were just a few of the many contributing factors that led to the Cuban missile crisis. However, it was long before the United States and the Soviet Union were at odds with one another. Both nations revolved around one main conflict, communism. The United States of America supported and funded many anti-communist acts. This is what had first provoked the USSR or Soviet Union to face the United States in such a manner where they were enemies to the us and the U. S. was an enemy to them. Soon the USSR decided to take action by binding affairs with Cuba and their leader, Fidel Castro. This enabled the soviets the privilege to ship missiles to Cuba by sea. We will write a custom essay sample on Cuban Missile Crisis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page From there the soviets would have a great advantage point if WWIII were ever to come. But where had Castro come from? The Cuban revolution was one of many causes to the Cuban missile crisis. On January 1st 1959, a communist government for Cuba would have seemed unlikely in. back in 1943, president Batista appointed communist party members to several of his offices, he often used the communist to charge and command his labor unions but as time passed these communist became warily of president Batista’s power to lead. By 1958 Fidel Castro began his rise into power, although at times he had come to seem irresponsible or quite stubborn with the decisions he made. On December 1st 1961, Fidel Castro announced himself a Marxist or communist. He revealed that Cuba was always in the middle of a revolution or such type of a revolutionary state. Around this time most Cubans ether idolized Castro or came to at least accept his philosophies. Fidel Castro had claimed to have the people come first for instance one of his goals was to help the poor. But after he took power one of his first actions was to reduce rent on the island. In that action many U. S. businesses that were supplied by the island were cut off and property was nationalized. Then the U. S. made their first move, on March 1960, a mission called the Bay of Pigs was executed.

I am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced

Introduction What would one do if faced with stressful encounters of forced and non-working marriage? Quitting the marriage, better known as divorce in the marriage institution, is the best answer for majority of the victims of such a situation. Imagine being exposed to mistreatments by an in-law mother at a tender age of 10! In I am, Nujood, Age 10 and divorced, Nujood gives a personal narration of an abused marriage, which she found herself into after a strong force by her parents to do so.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on I am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Poverty is perhaps one of the contributing factors forcing parents in rural Yemen to curtail their young girl’s education to marry them to men three times their senior. As the paper points out, the women characters employed in the book ‘I am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced’ stand out as no more than commodities a nd displays of honor. Women as objects of honor Conferment of honor to women comprises the major theme of the book. In Nujood’s world, one sees women as objects that could bring honor reducing financial challenges to their families perhaps by reducing the burden on parents since marrying a girl off reduces the number of mouths to feed. Acts such early marriage need not be condoned. It seems that women freedom of choice has been much eroded. Nujood says, â€Å"I’m a simple village girl who has always obeyed the orders of my father and brothers. Since forever, I have learned to say yes to everything. Today I have decided to say no† (Nujood, and Minoui 41). Surprisingly, sufficient women’s freedom denial to make their own decisions is even propagated by their brothers who are perhaps seen as more important in the society. Take for instance the Nujood’s predicament; she is battered by her ‘husband’ and treated inappropriately by her in-law mother though she is supposed to bring honor in her family: as her father anticipates. It is intriguing to contemplate the ability of women to bring forth societal honor by depriving them off their freedom of choice and cutting short their efforts to pursue their long life dreams. Nujood is evidently a brilliant woman. In the light of provisions of equal rights to both genders, what could have made Nujood a better source of honor? Is it marrying her off or providing her with an opportunity to pursue education early, enough to be what she is now? In the book, Nujood narrates how she utilized the better part of her time crying while hiding in a corner since she cannot tolerate her husband’s marital rape and her in-law mother’s beatings. She has no permission to play with other kids. While she complained about it, the response is that such permission cannot be granted since it cannot give a good reflection of the marital family’s image. Consequently, one could not perceive the family with honor.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Surprisingly, the motherly concern seems to depend on the instincts well shaped by the society. This fact is well illustrated by the fact that, when Nujood complains about the marital home acts of mistreatment, her real mother responds to her that â€Å"That’s how life is, Nujood: all women must endure this; we have all gone through the same thing† (Nujood, and Minoui 67). According to the cultural norms, freeing marriage for a woman’s paternal home can have a negative repercussion to the family’s honor before the eyes of the society. No matter the magnitude of problems and challenges in the marital home, a woman has to learn to endure and live up with them. Otherwise, she will deprive the family and consequently the society of the respect based on the virtual presence of the woman. Nujood is such an object. She has to maintain this family attribute despite the evident vicissitudes. However, since she is determined to seek for her freedom and honor no matter whether it meant failing to meet the societal expectations or not, she chooses to seek for a courthouse shelter in the capital of Yemen. She opts to claim her due honor as a woman. Opposed to the media’s perception, that the situation is such as the one Nujood found herself engulfed in is being fostered by the Yemeni Islamic practices, in I am, Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced, Nujood makes it frankly clear that the practices can be routed to the Yemeni ideas of male dominance and honor coupled with women discriminating tribal cultures. Her family’s faith alongside with the one she personally subscribes to remain well interwoven throughout the Nujood’s story bringing out clearly their various theological differences. Nujood eyes the person who took up her case and laments, â€Å"Like Shada, I will wear high heels, and I will not cover my face† (Nujood, and Minoui 105). More often, culture as well as the failure to subscribe to a given religion results to an unfair treatment of women in comparison to their male counterparts. To Nujood, the perception that she is to deliver honor to both families by not playing like other children her age or her mother’s demand that she sticks to the marital home irrespective of her encounters is more of societal making through its cultural norms. On her part, she is neither remorseful nor resentful about her subscription to Islam faith. Furthermore, she does not attribute the long endured rights abuse to Islam. All she has is an incredibly immense problem with the practices of the cultural system of her land. Accordingly, justice to women appears to be something not well inculcated in the Nujood’s world. Despite giving her story concisely of how she sorts to say enough to battery marriage and thus opt for a divorce, one can enormously empathize with her predicament.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on I am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is why the reader also encounters introductions of good men: lawyers and judges, who cling on the Nujood’s side, holding the view that Nujood should receive her due honor rather than the evident marital affliction she encounters, which on the other hand have left her disrespected. Unfortunately, since women are perceived as objects of honor conferment and that the legal proceeding are conducted in an environment dominated by male prominence stereotypes, these good men do not have the foundation to peg their decisions to assist her. However, with the aid of activist lawyer and international press, she manages to divorce her aged husband finding her way back home where she can enjoy her full dignity as a woman rather than just a thing/commodity. Conclusio n Women, like Nujood, who the society views as tools of bringing honor in their families need to be given an ardent hearing. Besides the respect that the society wishes to get from women, they too deserve a good share of it. Such concerns have been voiced elsewhere across the globe. I am Nujood, Age 10 and divorced serves as a revelation by shedding light about the malpractice of lifting off children rights: something that has resulted to the destruction of lives of children for many years. In Yemen, Nujood sets path for other children to rise up against perception of women as objects of honor and commodities of trade particularly by becoming the first Yemen bride child to win a divorce court case. By borrowing from Nujood’s enthusiastic steps to fight for her rightful position, several divorce bride cases in Middle East states including Yemen have been granted followed by increased campaign for enforcement of underage marriage laws. In fact, she has been named the 2008 Glamo ur woman of the year and consequently profiled in New York Times, Time magazine and Los Angeles Times. Works Cited Nujood, Ali, and Minoui, Delphine. I am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced. Trans. Coverdale, Linda. New York: Broadway, 2010. This essay on I am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced was written and submitted by user Lia Noble to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Environmental Analysis for Dominos Pizza Essays

Environmental Analysis for Dominos Pizza Essays Environmental Analysis for Dominos Pizza Paper Environmental Analysis for Dominos Pizza Paper Dominos Pizza Analysis Dominos Pizza was founded in 1960 and operates a network of company- owned and franchise-owned stores in the U. S. A. And internationally. Dominos is recognized world wide as the leader in pizza delivery, Reinforced by their well-known slogan, Get the door. Its Dominos. In order to effectively do an environmental analysis, one must look at the companys external environment. The external environment has 3 components: the remote environment, the industry environment, and the operating environment. Each of those three components have their own subcategories. In this paper I will describe some of the external factors that will affect Dominos external environment over the next ten years. In the remote environment will discuss the economic, social, and technological issues that will affect Dominos over the next decade. For the industry environment I will discuss the substitute availability and competitive rivalry facing Dominos. Finally, for the operating environment, I will be discussing the competitors, customers, and suppliers. When combining all of the information, will be able to project some long term objectives for Dominos Pizza. To achieve long-term prosperity, strategic planners commonly establish long-term objectives in seven areas: Profitability, productivity, competitive position, employee development, employee, relations, technological leadership, and public responsibility. Will use a few of these objectives in order to formulate a plan for Dominos Pizza. Remote Environment Economic factors concern the nature and direction of the economy in which a firm operates. Because consumption patterns are affected by the relative affluence of various market segments, each firm must consider economic rends in the segments that affect its industry. World events can affect the consumers purchasing habits in a negative or positive way. Recent events such as Hurricane Strain, and the attacks on the world trade center. These events had a negative effect on our economy, and consumers were spending less money. However, in the next ten years the economy is forecasted to improve, allowing consumers to spend more. Consumers are forecasted to have higher levels of disposable income over the next few years. Real disposable household income is expected to increase y nearly 12% over the next five years resulting in more opportunity for expenditure on home delivered food. Over a twenty to thirty year period, the numbers of older people will continue to increase. The research suggests that firms in the home delivery market can benefit from this by building and keeping brand loyalty amongst a generation of people who have grown up as pizza consumers and whose incomes and affluence are likely to grow. The social factors that affect a firm involve the beliefs, values, attitudes, opinions, and lifestyles of persons in the firms external environment, as plopped from cultural, ecological, demographic, religious, educational, and ethnic conditioning. As social attitudes change, so does the demand for delivery pizza. The research shows that, on average, adults in the US eat out and/or eat delivered/take-away meals around 80 times a year. Researchers look at the impact of freeing up time normally spent on preparing food at home, as creating a time oasis. As Americans become busier with their careers and lives, they have less time to prepare meals at home, and the amount of people eating out or ordering in will increase. To avoid obsolescence and promote innovation, a firm must be aware of technological changes that might influence its industry. Creative technological adaptations can suggest possibilities for new products, for improvements in existing products, or in manufacturing and marketing techniques. A technological breakthrough can have a sudden and dramatic effect on a firms environment. In the short term more people will have access to interactive technologies, up from 70% today to 90%, and the number of broadband users will rise. These people will become better at and more confident about e-commerce and buying food online. The report indicates that home food delivery firms already active in this area are likely to be especially successful. Industry Environment Brand identification creates a barrier by forcing entrants to spend heavily to overcome customer loyalty. Advertising, customer service, being first in the industry, and product differences are among the factors fostering brand identification. Dominos Pizza is a proven entity with a 44-year history. They are reinforced by their slogan, Get the door. Its Dominos. Operating Environment. Although the exact criteria used in constructing a competitors profile are argyle determined by situational factors, the following criteria are often included: Market share. Breadth of product line. Effectiveness of sales distribution. Proprietary and key-account advantages. Price competitiveness. Advertising and promotion effectiveness. Location and age of facility. Capacity and productivity. Experience. Raw materials costs. Financial position. Relative product quality. RD advantages position. Caliber of personnel. General images. Customer profile. Patents and copyrights. Union relations. Technological position. Community reputation. In reviewing each of these items, Pizza Hut is the only competitor Domino has that even remotely compares to Dominos Pizza. Dominos Pizza is the number one Pizza Delivery company in the United States. Perhaps the most important aspect of a companys success is their customers. Dominos exists to fulfill a basic need for their customers to provide a high quality, freshly prepared, hot meal delivered on time, every time. Dependable relationships between a firm and its suppliers are essential to he firms long-term survival and growth. A firm regularly relies on its suppliers for financial support, services, materials, and equipment. In addition, it occasionally is forced to make special requests for such favors as quick delivery, liberal credit terms, or broken-lot orders. Dominos Pizza prefers to develop long-term partnerships with proactive suppliers who anticipate their needs, generate cost-saving measures and solve problems to create mutually advantageous outcomes. Dominos is always interested in the potential to establish similar working relationships with new suppliers. They will award business on a competitive basis. Careful source review and selection is important. Pricing is not the only criteria. They demand the very best from our suppliers. Our decisions are based on the ability of suppliers to meet our needs competitive pricing, high product quality and exceptional service levels. Dominos is committed to developing mutually beneficial relationships with a diverse group of suppliers, including minority- and women-owned businesses. We know that having a diverse supplier base makes both Dominos and the diverse businesses stronger in their communities.

Income Tax Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Income Tax - Coursework Example 2. Wages and salaries was composed of: †¨Salary taken by Ronni,  £25,000 †¨Wages paid to Bryn (Ronni’s father) for work done to repair bicycles, at a rate of  £20 per hour (30 hrs x 48 weeks) =  £28,800 †¨Wages paid to assistant bicycle repairer at a rate of  £15 per hour (30 hrs x 48 weeks) =  £21,600 †¨Casual help in shop,  £5,400 †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ 4. Repairs and renewals was composed of: †¨Repairs to warehouse floor  £850 †¨Repairs to flat above shop  £750 †¨Cleaning materials  £300 †¨Cleaning contract for shop and workshop †¨Ã‚ £500 †¨Sundry small items  £250 †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ 5. Motor Expenses mainly for the cost of running Ronni’s estate car used for collecting/delivering broken/mended bicycles and for transporting items for the shop from the cash and carry outlet. Private use of the car had been agreed at 30%. †¨Diesel fuel, car  £8500 †¨Insurance for car  £1200 †¨Repairs, car  £350 †¨Road fund tax, car  £375 †¨Rental of van  £600 †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ 7. Sundry expenses of were composed of: †¨Subscription to magazine, ‘Cycling Today’ †¨Ã‚ £100 †¨Subscription to Green party  £50 †¨Subscription to ‘New Transport Systems’ †¨Ã‚ £24 †¨Sponsorship of local junior school cycling proficiency awards  £50 †¨Donation to Green party  £25 †¨Donation to local hospital A&E department (Ronni had an accident and broke her arm)  £100 †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Postage, stationery and telephone expenses  £100 †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Accountancy charges  £80 †¨Sundry other items  £100†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ Calculate the taxable trading profit for Ronni’s business for the year ended 30 September 2011. †¨You should provide your own data where none is given, ensuring that you retain a taxable trading profit (i.e. not a trading loss) and should ensure that you choose data that will fully demonstrate your knowledge of taxation. Calculate the Income tax payable by Ronni for the tax year 2011/12, providing your own data where none is given, to fully demonstrate your knowledge

Biochem question and answer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Biochem question and answer - Assignment Example Milk proteins are digested in the stomach and duodenum by proteolytic enzymes into peptides and finally amino acids that are absorbed in the small intestines. Bile salts emulsify fats after which pancreatic lipase breaks them into fatty acids and glycerol molecules that are absorbed in the ileum. The sucrose is broken down into glucose and fructose in the duodenum by enzyme sucrase, and the monosaccharides are absorbed in the ileum (Digestion and absorption, n.d.). Apples and carrots contain vitamins and mineral salts, which do not undergo digestion, but are directly absorbed into the small intestines. Oxidative phosphorylation is a metabolic pathway, which utilizes energy from the oxidation of food to produce ATP. All the electrons from NADH and FADH2 go to the oxidative phosphorylation cycle following release from the TCA cycle. Oxidative phosphorylation takes electrons from these molecules and transfers them to oxygen, making ATP in the process. This process occurs in the mitochondria. NADH and FADH2 are oxidized into NAD+ and FAD, whereas oxygen is reduced by H+ ions into water. NAD-linked dehydrogenases remove electrons from substrates to NAD in reversible reactions. The malate-aspartate shuttle or the alpha-glycerol phosphate shuttle conveys electrons from NADH outside the mitochondria (the two complexes involved in the process). Blood supplies oxygen to the process. A specific translocase exchanges ADP outside the mitochondria for ATP inside the mitochondria. The end products are water, ATP, and NAD+ or FAD. Cyanide, azide, and CO are metabolic poisons, which are so toxic t o us because they block the transfer of electrons to oxygen hence inhibiting the whole process (Gilbert,

Real Estate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Real Estate - Essay Example In this case, the client claims to have using the neighbors land for the last 15 years. According to the client, for the last 15 years he has heavily invested in farming on the land that belongs to the neighbor. Additionally, he claims that out of that farming activity he has managed to harvest various crops throughout the 15 years period. In order to establish whether the client can claim ownership of the piece of land, it is good to assess whether he meets the requirements provided for in the law in order to claim ownership. According to the state of Alabama adverse possession laws, a trespasser needs to meet the following requirements: the trespasser must have occupied the property for at least 15 years, he/she must occupy the property with or without the knowledge of the owner, he/she must be physically present on the land, he/she must be open in trespassing, and must be exclusive and continuous possession. Having considered the above requirements, the client is under legally entitled to own the land that belongs to his

Factors Affecting Organogenesis in Plant Tissue Culture

Factors Affecting Organogenesis in Plant Tissue Culture Organogenesis is the process of forming a specific organ from non-specific mass of meristem or parenchyma cell known as callus. In this experiment, auxin and cytokinin are used to determine the effect of PGR, auxin and cytokinin on the organogenesis in carrots and petunia leaves, in which auxin hormones responsible for growth of roots, phototropism and gravitropism, while, cytokinin helps in inducing the growth of shoots and regulates auxin action. Theoretically, the presence of high cytokinin and low auxin in the media, the shoots will form, meanwhile, in low level of cytokinin and high level of auxin in the media, roots will form. Meanwhile, in the presence of high concentration of both cytokinin and auxin, callus formation will be induced. However, in this experiment, production of the shoots and roots are not compatible with the theory due to improper ratio of auxin and cytokinin and the high toxicity of synthetic cytokinin, kinetin. Introduction Plant tissue culture (PTC) is the techniques used to grow plant from any of the plant segment, tissues or cell in a contaminated free environment media such as MS media (Singh Kumar, 2009). PTC techniques is important plant biotechnology aspect in which it facilitates the production of genetically modified plants and induced rapid multiplication of difficult-to-propagate plant species. Besides that, the ability to produce totipotent plant cell using PTC techniques has significant impact on crop improvement via genetic engineering (Radzan, 2003). There are two different processes, which involve explant differentiation and growth in PTC, which are organogenesis growth and adventititous roots or shoots growth directly from the explants. Organogenesis is the process of forming a specific organ from non-specific mass of meristem or parenchyma cell known as callus. Meanwhile, for formation of adventitious roots or shoots means the roots or shoots structure arise from the explants that have been excised (Pernisova et al., 2009). This situation does not usually happen if the plant sample are cultured in a medium with the same ratio of auxin and cytokinin. The presence of plant growth regulators (PGR) such as auxin, cytokinin, gibberellins, abscisic acid and ethylene has significant impact in the process of plant growth and differentiation. Gibberellins responsible for growth, seed germination and promote fruits growth. As for ethylene helps in controlling of fruit ripening as well as controlling cell division and cell elongation. Meanwhile, abscisic acid act on seed maturation and give the ability to the seeds to response during stress in undergoing dormancy period (Davies, 2010). However, in this experiment only, auxin and cytokinin are involve, in which auxin hormones responsible for growth of roots, phototropism and gravitropism, while, cytokinin helps in inducing the growth of shoots and regulates auxin action (Davies, 2010). In this experiment, NAA will be used as synthetic auxin and kinetin and BAP as synthetic cytokinin. This experiment was conducted in order to determine the effect of PGR, auxin and cytokinin on the organogenesis in carrots and petunia leaves. Materials and methods Plant materials For petunia leaves samples, the leaves were provided by lab technician in Monash University Sunway Campus. Firstly, 18 petunia leaves were collected from the petunia leaves petri dish. Then, the petunia leaves were soaked using 10% (v/v) of sodium hypochlorite for not more than 5 minutes. The leaves were then rinsed using sterile water in a laminar flow cabinet. Then, 2 petunia leaves were added in each petri dish with different ratios of NAA:BAP and NAA:Kinetin. The same methods were implied to the carrot. However, the carrot sample was cut into 27 pieces about 0.5cm thick on the surface of sterile ceramic tile. After soaking the carrot samples in sodium hypochlorite and rinsed for three times, 3 carrot pieces was transferred into petri dish with different ratios of NAA:BAP and NAA:Kinetin. The result recorded based on table 1 and table 2. Tissue culture media MS media supplemented with combination of high cytokinin to low auxin were prepared by the lab technician as follows: NAA:Kinetin ratios (2:0, 0.5:1, 1:0.5, and 0:2) and NAA:BAP ratios (2:0, 0.5:1, 1:0.5, and 0:2). Additional of two control plate with MS media that supplemented with same ratio of auxin and cytokinin were also prepared by the lab technician. Culture condition The transferred petunia leaves and carrot pieces in the 18 petri dishes were incubated for 28days in 25ÂÂÂ ±2ÂÂÂ °C temperature, and photoperiod of 16hours in light 8hours in dark as provided in plant culturing room in Monash University Sunway Campus. In addition, for every 4 days, the tissue cultured was checked to whether there are presents of contamination and to transfer the samples into new MS plates. Results and discussion Effect on carrot slices Based on the result obtained in table 1, it shows that for carrot samples, the formation of callus can be seen all of petri dish with various ratios of either BAP:NAA or Kinetin:NAA. Theoretically, the formation of callus is due to the high concentration of both the cytokinin and auxin in a growth media (Duncan et al., 1985). Since all the plates are containing callus, it can be deduced that the growth of callus can be formed by excision of the plant cell. Meanwhile, for formation of roots, only carrot samples from MS media supplemented with BAP:NAA with ratio of 0.0:2.0 which also shows formation of roots. This is because, according to the theory, in the presence of high cytokinin and low auxin in the media, the shoots will form, meanwhile, in low level of cytokinin and high level of auxin in the media, roots will form. However, in the presence of high concentration of both cytokinin and auxin, callus formation will be induced (Chawla, 2002). However, it can be seen that there is no production of shoots in other plates except in MS media containing 0.0BAP:2.0NAA. This may occur due to unsuitable ratios of cytokinin and auxin in MS media that may not favorable for carrot species to induce formation of shoots. Effect on petunia leaves By referring to table 2, it shows that petunia leaves sample that shows formation of callus, roots and shoots is the MS media supplemented with BAP:NAA with ratio of 0.5:1.0 and the control plate. This occur due to suitable ratio of cytokinin and auxin suplemeted in the MS media. Furthermore, only MS media supplemented with BAP:NAA with ratio of 0.0:2.0 shows the growth of shoots excluding the MS media supplemented with BAP:NAA with ratio of 0.5:1.0 and the control plate. Theoretically, the productions of shoots are triggered by high concentration of cytokinin and low concentration of auxin. However, in the ratio of 0.0BAP:2.0NAA, it is predicted that formation of roots will be induced, instead, shoots are forming. This occur due to presence of zeatin in petunia leaves. Zeatin is a natural cytokinin presence in the most green leaves that undergoing senescence (Singh et al., 1992). The presence of cytokinin in the media may mask the reaction of auxin hormone on the explants presence i n the media (Nakagawa et al., 2006). Therefore, the production shoots are triggered instead of roots. Based on the result in table 2, the production of roots and shoots are low due to due to the excessive amount of alcohol used during the sterilization process. Besides that, shoots and roots only produce in MS media supplemented with BAP:NAA and not in MS plate with Kinetin:NAA. This may occur due to the toxicity of the synthetic kinetin, that are not suitable for the growth of either shoots or roots on petunia leaves. There were also presence of contamination in the cultured plate of carrot sample, which involve MS media supplemented with BAP:NAA with ratio of 2.0:0.0 and MS media supplemented with Kinetin:NAA with ratio of 2.0:0.0. Meanwhile, for petunia leaves sample, the cultured plate that have been contaminated by fungal infection are MS media supplemented with BAP:NAA with ratio of 0.0:2.0 and ratio of 2.0:0.0 as well as MS media supplemented with Kinetin:NAA with ratio of 0.0:2.0 and ratio of 0.5:1.0. This may occur due to experimental error, in which contamination may occur due to improper techniques while doing PTC such as lack of using aseptic techniques to make sure sterile condition during transferring the samples into the MS plate. Conclusion In conclusion, suitable medium supplemented with correct ratio of cytokinin and auxin are the most important key in order to get successful induction of organogenesis in vitro. Besides that, sterile environment is also one of the important factors in determining the successfulness of PTC and in order to obtain expected

Interpreting Hamlet’s Ophelia Essay examples -- GCSE English Literatur

Interpreting Hamlet’s Ophelia Was Ophelia in love with Hamlet, or did she have more feeling for her father than for her boyfriend? In Shakespeare’s Hamlet was Ophelia’s madness contributed to by the prince’s rejection of her? The answers to these and other questions about this tragic figure will be given. Rebecca West in â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption† argues that Ophelia has no love for Hamlet, but only for her father: For the myth which has been built round Hamlet is never more perverse than when it pretends that Ophelia went mad for love and killed herself. No line in the play suggests that she felt either passion or affection for Hamlet. She never mentions him in the mad scene, and Horatio says of her, â€Å"She speaks much of her father.† Indeed she was in a situation which requires no sexual gloss. Her father had been murdered by a member of the royal house, and she found herself without protection, since her brother Laertes was in France, in the midst of a crisis such as might well send her out of her wits with fear. For the Danes hostile to the royal house made of her wrong a new pretext for their hostility, and the royal house, noting this, turned against her, helpless though she was [. . .]. (109) Beginning now with the play, the reader/viewer sees that the protagonist of the tragedy, Prince Hamlet, initially appears dressed in solemn black. He is mourning the death of his father, supposedly by snakebite, while he was away at Wittenberg as a student. Hamlet laments the hasty remarriage of his mother to his father’s brother, an incestuous act; thus in his first soliloquy he cries out, â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman!† Ophelia enters the play with her brother Laertes, who, in parting for s... ...ies.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Rpt. from Shakespeare’s Women. N.p.: n.p., 1981. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907–21; New York: Bartleby.com, 2000 http://www.bartleby.com/215/0816.html West, Rebecca. â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957. Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. â€Å"Shakespeare.† Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.

Comparing Plan Columbia and the Merida Initiative

The purpose of this paper will be to make a comparison between the Colombian drug cartels at the turn of the century with the mexican cartels today. The object of this comparison will be to determine the effectiveness of large scale millitary intervention against drug cartels. I will assess weather this comparison is not only justified but in any way usefull in understanding how fight a well funded well armed non-state enemy. This is a response to public comments by high ranking United States officials making this comparison (most notably secretary of state Hillary Clinton) while pledging a significant amount of American resources to such an effort. I will also attempt to answer all of the various questions that are begged by this nature of action. Most people do not realize the sheer lucrativeness of the drug trafficking business especially on an industrial scale. â€Å"The (Mexican) cartels have built a network of dealers in 231 U. S. cities from coast to coast, taking in about $39 billion in sales annually, according to the U.  S. Justice Department. † (*1) To put that into perspective, In 2009 Canada's total annual military expenditure was just over half (21 billion USD) of the total annual profit of the Mexican drug cartels in the United States. (*2) Comparing Columbia and Mexico The 1st thing that is obvious when making this comparison is the fact that Mexico is over twice the size of Columbia both in land mass and in population. In terms of governance Columbia was in a state of profound political instability from as early as the 1940's while Mexico enjoyed a relatively stable PRI government following he Mexican civil war. Geographically the two countries have nothing in common but their proximity to each other. Mexico is a largely flat terrain that poses no real problems to transportation and offers little in the way of cover. By Contrast Columbia has a large mountainous area covered in tropical forests, the majority of the drug production takes place is these remote areas. From a governmental standpoint, the Colombian government is largely decentralized compared to the federal structure in Mexico. Due to the federal government and the larger tax base the Mexican government has some extra capacity when it comes to overall resources available before assistance. As far as the method in which the governments of these two countries approach dealing with traffickers is quite diffrent, Mexico has up until very recently preferred to use it's police forces to deal with drug traffickers while Colombian governments have preferred to use their military as a police force, which is more common in most Latin American countries. The Mexican Cartels There are essentially two major Cartel groups within Mexico that fight each other for a large piece of the drug trade. The first is made up of the Tijuana cartel and the Gulf cartel make up the first major group and operates primarily out of North of East Mexico. A group known as â€Å"The Federation† is made up of of many smaller cartels and â€Å"is led by representatives of the Sinaloa, Juarez and Valencia cartels†. (*3 p. 4) members of this group as scattered all throughout the rest of Mexico. Even though these groups are concentrated in certain areas there isn't a place in Mexico that is off limits to any of these groups. All of these groups operate independently and it is not uncommon for alliances to be fickle between drug traffickers. None of the Mexican drug trafficking organizations are known to have any political allegiances or stated long term goal other then to make money and control as much turf as possible in order to achieve that end while minimizing the damage to the people of their own groups. The Mexican cartels were not always as violent as they are today, the fall of the PRI along with a strengthening of the Mexican police force is said to have resulted in the upswing in violence. Another contributing factor the recent escalation in violence is that since the fall of Major Columbian cartels (replaced mostly by smaller scale operations) Mexico and it's drug trade began to have to fill the void that was left in the US market for a period of time, greatly strengthening their financial base and ability to purchase weapons and to employ a larger number of foot soldiers from poor communities (usually with family ties to promote increased loyalty to said group and a deeper anchor within the local community). Florida was actually the main entry point for drugs during the early 80's but the strengthening of the American navy and coastguard geared towards stopping smuggling led to Mexico becoming the transit point it is today. It is most important that though Mexican troops have been used largely due to the ineffective and corruption of the police department I would not classify it as a war. The army is simply there to do carry out the actions of a police force because he regular police for cannot be trusted. There is no way for either side to declare a complete victory. It is my opinion that even if every drug trafficker in Mexico dropped dead this morning there would be a new group forming to take it's place by nightfall and it wouldn't take them long to gain momentum capital and weapons. Likewise a drug gang can never truly triumph against the state without any political agenda. The majority of the murders are between rival gangs, though there have been many police officers and politicians killed the battle is essentially between the cartel groups and each other not with the state. The increased military strength is simply a self defence response. I would argue that if the Mexican cartels were 1 hegemonic group you would probably see at least a 10 fold drop in violent crime. Columbia at the hight of the culumbian drug trade You cant tell the story of the Columbia drug trade without talking about Pablo Escobar. In 1989 Forbes magazine estimated that was the 7th richest man the world with personal assets estimated at over 25 Billion dollars. This however is not what made him a unique, he was known as an extremely charitable man by many of the poor people in Columbia giving them land, housing, employment and even building football fields, building a lot of good will among the people something that you find little evidence of on the side of the Mexican cartels. The Medellin cartel he was a part of is thought to have controlled about 80% of the cocaine market in the early 1990's and was the most prominent of the Colombian cartels at the turn of the century. This cartel was rivalled by the Cali cartel who emerged largely due to weakening of their rivals the Medellin cartel. The biggest difference between Columbia at the turn of the century and the situation in Mexico today is the existence of the various guerrilla groups that existed in Columbia, many of which are still in existence. The lines are often blurred between these guerrilla groups and the drug traffickers themselves. The standard arrangement between these guerrillas and drug traffickers was essentially protection of traffickers' production and processing areas in exchange for a handsome percentage of the profits. The profitability on investment on cocaine grown in Columbia being about 200$ for every 1$ invested, there was more then enough capital to go around. The wars between these various guerrilla groups enveloped Columbia in a civil war since eginning in the 1960's, this was far before Columbia drug trafficking organizations began to collaborate with the leftist guerrillas. By comparison Mexican cartels have no real political allegiances, their allegiance is to the dollar and the dollar alone. The fact that the terrain in Columbia is so difficult and access to remote areas is much more easy to control, these various groups are able to hold territory much more effectively then the Drug Cartels in Me xico. The aspect of some of these guerrilla groups that really begins to attract the United State's attention for obvious reasons is their leftist/socialist ideology. The oldest and most notable of these groups is FARC or â€Å"The revolutionary armed forces of Columbia†. This group has been fighting the Colombian national army as well as â€Å"right wing paramilitaries†. At first glance the conflict between these two groups seems to be one for control over the Colombian drug trade and various areas of Columbia where drugs are produced. A closer look reveals a much more sinister reality. There are a number of noticeable irregularities in the accounts of the violence. Over the course of my reasearch I kept hearing certain terms to describe the columbian drug war that you dont hear when you read on the mexican drug war. Many mentions of human rights abuses as well as massacres with large numbers of innocent people being killed, you hear of much violence in mexico but are always termed â€Å"drug related murders† implying that those killed were afiliated in organized crime. When you take a closer look at the ‘right wing guerrillas', first of all it's just about imposible to find a video of any of their leaders with any kind of mission statement or anything of the sort, second you cannot find any documentation anywhere of any known ally. Now, you tell me how does a heavily armed paramilitary group, even with drug money, take part in over 30 years of civil war including alleged armed conflict against the US millitary, without any support from any government or even any other criminal organization? If everything where as it appears at 1st glance it results in a paradox, how does major international drug trafficking organization not even have ONE known ally/accomplice? It just doesn't make any sense purely on a business level. If you look up any of the Mexican cartels as well as FARC you can find known allies. Additionally, why is there a right wing guerrilla group for decades with a right wing government in power? Finally, Why is one side of the guerrillas (FARC) involved in negotiations with the Colombian government and not the other? Even if they were to sign a peace treaty they would still be at war. The conclusion that asking these questions leads you to is that the Paramilitary groups were actually an unofficial extension of the Colombian armed forces that traces it's roots back it's formation during the cold war where they were trained by US army officers in ‘tactics of counterinsurgency' at the School of the Americas, these tactics are said to specifically target the civilian population without the support of which the guerrillas cannot continue to function. This groups true purpose is to combat communist guerrillas by what ever means necessary. Statistics show that these right wing paramilitaries are responsible for 80's of the ‘political killings' in Colombia, which upon closer examination seem more like like acts of widespread political repression of the Colombian people spanning almost a half a century and crossing the line of human rights abuse with regularity virtually without any opposition from anyone internationally, opposed only domestically by FARC. Accounts from former Colombian army officers allege that the national Colombian armed forces maintained contact regularly with right wing paramilitary groups and directed them to many of the areas where they are accused of committing human rights atrocities. (*9) It has been alleged that the right wing paramilitaries acting in concert with the Colombian national army tried to remove the rural population from certain areas altogether forcing them to become urban refuges and further isolating the FARC forces. In 2005 Columbia had the 3rd largest internal refuge population in the world. Not only that but the paramilitaries are responsible for just as much if not more of the Colombian drug trade then FARC making ‘Plan Columbia' truely appear to be a futile action according to it's officially stated goals. Assessment of â€Å"Plan Columbia† 1998-2010 (lessons learned) Assessing the success of plan Columbia really depends on what you consider to be a success. If you consider the primary objective of the operation to be to simply return control of certain areas of Columbia back to the Colombian government then it would be considered a success. However, if the primary objective was to irradiate the drug trade recent statistics show that though production of cocaine in Columbia did take a severe hit in the early 2000's it has been on the Rise again since 2006. What this confirms is that the drug trade there has not ceased but in fact evolved to meet the challenges of a changed environment. Drug trafficking organizations today are still operating but simply doing it in a more discrete manner their predecessors. Another example of the evolution that ‘Plan Columbia' sparked is the guerrillas branching out to other sympathetic paramilitaries and paramilitary terrorist groups. Members of FARC have reportedly instituted the help of various allies IRA including the since the increased military pressure. An article in British newspaper The Telegraph (*8) highlights how the increased military presence in the countryside as well as an increase in the Colombian urban population has forced FARC forces to urbanize the way in which they conduct warfare. The article highlights significant advancements made by FARC in both explosives as well as counter intelligence and urban warfare. FARC is currently considered the most well armed well trained and well funded guerrilla group in the world. The destruction of crops which was on paper, the primary objective of ‘Plan Columbia' is something that is very temporary, unless you were to actually salt the earth there is nothing to prevent anybody from planting a new crop in the same place. The united states has increased the amount of toxic defoliant that is spays on Colombia and it's citizens every year of ‘Plan Columbia'. Many have made the comparison to agent orange in Vietnam. Many health problems have already been reported with relationship to the defoliant chemical and there are concerns that this chemical is starting to poison some the amazon basin and subsequently effecting other Latin American countries to the south. This defoliant kills all crops including the ones, many of the poorest peasants who grow bananas simply for subsistence have their whole crops destroyed on a regular basis. Some have raised the issue that perhaps this alone constitutes a grave human rights violation. A foreign power spraying toxic chemicals on the population of another is something that is unheard of in the past. The most inditing fact to the type of military action undertaken is most obviously that it has been a commitment that the United States has not been able pull back on after over 6 years no decrease in spending in this area is expected. Not only that but now that the Colombian drug traffickers have evolved we're seeing a resurgence in drug activity in the country. No matter how you look at it ‘Plan Colombia' was almost a complete failure, Colombian left wing guerrillas persist, drug use in the US has never been higher, cocaine production in Columbia is increasing. The only ay in which this operation is a success is that the overall violence seems to have died down and that in the paramilitary groups, which the US created in the 1st place have been disbanded and are no longer committing horrendous atrocities against innocent people for the sole purpose of turning public opinion against FARC. It might be viewed in that instance as a success, I was about half way into my research before I heard/read anything to do with FARC's side of the story. Venezuela, Ecuador and Cuba are the only counties to formally voice support for FARC. (*10) Evaluating the Merida Innitiative One the important things to know about the Merida initiative is that the entirety of the money (400 million to start) approved by the US congress all went to American companies, to train police, to build helicopters, not one dollar of the funding of this operation ends up in non-American hands. It is expected, as was the care with ‘Plan Columbia' that the United states will exclusively employ private American defence contractors to do all the work on the ground. The reason for this is not strong enough to justify the use and possible loss of American soldiers. Also use of American soldiers to fight an urban drug war such as the one in Mexico and might cause a PR nightmare if US Soldiers are viewed as firing on Mexican population, which the drug members of the cartels can hide in plain sight, unlike the Colombian guerrillas they are not in uniform. My investigation into ‘Plan Colombia' led me to the conclusion that the comparison made by the US secretary of defence between Colombia at the turn of the century and the Mexican drug war today to be a very poor and unjustified one. As previously stated I contend that the situation in Colombia was actually a war where as the Mexican situation is simply a police ineffectiveness issue. While the comparison between the who conflicts themselves is unjustified both ‘Plan Columbia' and ‘The Merida initiative' officially have a primary goal to reduce the outflow of drugs into the united states and can still be compared in that instance. The comparison is one that mostly highlights the extreme ineffectiveness not only in terms of result but in terms of cost of this kind of policy. It essentially doesn't solve any of the problems of drug trafficking. The demand in the US for drugs is the real source of this problem. Persistent Problems (police, penal system,banking) A continuing problem that has been acknowledged but not dealt with in any meaningful way in the fact that poor farmers who have been driven into poverty by the international agricultural business (and it's dominance by the west) have no better feasible options then to grow the plants that are converted into drugs. In ‘Plan Columbia' the Colombian government instituted a program to offer coca growers money to grow alternative crops, offering them a sum in the range of 2 million pesos a year (about 950$). *7) Many coca farmers argue is not enough to live. When growing coca (rather then crops such as plantains and Pineapples) not only is the crop worth more but the drug traffickers come right to their doors to pick up the ‘coca paste' they convert the plants to. When growing the crops they are being encouraged to grow they have to transport these tons of produce on â€Å"vehicles they don't have, on roads that don't exist to sell to markets both internal and external† that they don't have access to and to compete with an international aggro business . † (*7- 5:51) It' simply not a sound development plan. less then 20% of the Plan Columbia budget is allocated towards this end) instead the budget is spent on air fumigation spaying defoliant on coca cultures. Secondly the way that the penal system is set up just about everywhere in the world makes the incarceration of major drug lords almost completely futile, they still maintain control over their organization and administer it from prison. The leaders of the Tijuana and Gulf cartels made the agreement to unite while they were both in prison (*3 p. 4), consolidating their power against the rest of the cartels in the â€Å"The Federation†. There is also a persistent (though easilly remedied) problem that the Mexican prisons themselves are not able keep powerful people in there. In the last year alone over 250 prison inmates have been broken out of prison by cartels, most recently 191 were released from from a prison in Tamaulipas by the Los Zetas cartel. This creates even more problems on other fronts, it makes it alot harder to extract information from prisoners then it is in the united states. If an inmate believes it's only a matter of time before he gets out he has no reasons to co-operate in any way, no real threat to guard against. Finally, probably the most important continuing problem is money laundering, this allows for drug operations to run smoothly by giving it a seemingly legitimate flow of cash to use for Bribes, buying up legitimate real estate and other things. Without being able to access the real money of drug kingpins makes it hard to do them any real damage that wont easily be recovered from in a very short time. Many large US banks are complicit in this activity and it is a massive source of capital for them. An article from the Bloomberg press highlights the involvment of American banks such as Wachovia Corp. Bank of America and Wells Fargo's direct complicity in money laundering operations for the mexican cartels. â€Å"Wachovia admitted it didn’t do enough to spot illicit funds in handling 378. 4 billion for Mexican-currency-exchange houses from 2004 to 2007. † (*1) To say they didn't â€Å"do enough to spot† 378 billion dollars entering their bank is laughable. There have reportedly been some efforts to pass more stringent anti-money laundering laws which have met some oppostion from the banking lobby for obvious reasons. The police force continues to be a significant problem, all the training in the world still isn't going to stop corruption, even if a relative victory is acheived and the army pulls out it would seem to me only to be a matter of time before things return to their previous state. Possible solutions In order to fix the problems associated with prisons I think a simple solution would be to transfer people associated to drug cartels to offshore or even just send them to the other side of the world somewhere a pay country X to keep them in isolation. Reducing their ability to communicate is key. Something that I think the world may sooner or later move towards provided the proper technology be available is to curb the drug trade is simply an irradiation of hand held currency. Cash is what funds all of these organizations. This is why they have to launder drug money, it's dirty, you cant buy jet planes and like with cash. If you eliminate cash, how can anyone buy drugs illegally? You cant have a large elligal operation which risks lives dailey if people can only barter for your drugs and every legitimate product is purchased through some form of debit entirely controlled by the government. In conclusion I beleive that the Merida innitiative will probably succeed to a small degree in curbing violence but not the drug trade itself. I think it will be a costly (perhaps everlasting) failure as long as people are beating a dead horse with tactics that are proven not work. The more troubling aspect of this whole research paper for me is the notion that gets brought up by several in various documentaries I watched in doing research of the American government attempted to make security policy which violates many individual freedoms with respect to terrorism all encompassing. If you can keep enforcing the notion that the drug is on the same wavelength as terrorism it gives you the right to treat all people involved in drugs (about 80% of Americans at least once in a lifetime) as people involved in terrorism and produce a progressive erosion of civil liberties which some already believe has gone to far with legislation such as The Patriot Act. Operations in mexico and Colombia set a precedent for the United States intervening (without request in the case of mexico) in domestic affairs of it's neighbours using military force. I would also argue that much of this action could be perceived as just another extension of the US military industrial complex in action. References http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-06-29/banks-financing-mexico-s-drug-cartels-admitted-in-wells-fargo-s-u-s-deal.html http://www.policyalternatives.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/publications/reports/docs/Canadian%20Military%20Spending%202009.pdf http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34215.pdf http://blogs.mcclatchydc.com/mexico/2010/12/jail-breaks-and-cartel-manpower-woes.html http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1559348/IRA-training-haunts-Colombias-guerrilla-war.html http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB166/index.htm

Gothic Architecture in Medieval France

Gothic Architecture in Medieval France As with most modernization, new concepts are often refined versions of previous techniques. Although structural design during the Middle Ages was already advancing at a large scale, distortions of the classical style were not too apparent until the Gothic era occurred. Taking place during a time of turmoil with the Hundred Years' War and the Black Plague, the Gothic age emerged right as European society was forced into a reflective change. With an increase in trade and a growing violation, an associated development of cities also occurred.Since it was more plausible to centralize churches and monasteries within towns, advancements of stone architecture began in order to meet the needs of the general public. First appearing in Northern France in the mid-12th century, Gothic style began mainly in these newly built or restored cathedrals. The modernization that took place within Gothic architecture directly reflected the changes that were taking pl ace within French society. The two main structural improvements of Gothic architecture were minted arches and ribbed vaulting.Building upon the design of the intersecting arches of groin vaults (primarily seen within the Romanesque period), Gothic architects created rib vaults as a result of using diagonal and transverse arches that intersected crosswise. By switching from curved to more-pointed arches, builders were able to maximize height-space and have all the arches at approximately the same level, regardless of the arches' widths. This allowed the inside of cathedrals to be very spacious and give the appearance of openness.Another structural advantage of the pointed Gothic vaults is its downward weight distribution. Because they require less reinforcement to keep them in position, large windows could be placed underneath the arches instead of supports, making it possible to let more light into the room. These areas were often filled with another prominent Gothic feature: staine d-glass windows. Although it was not originally produced during the Gothic Era, stained-glass gained its standing with its use in cathedrals.By taking advantage f the usable space under pointed arches, architects were able to replace walls with stained-glass and transfer natural light into the building, creating a colored ambiance. Abbot Auger, the Abbot at Saint-Denis (a cathedral noted for being a precursor in Gothic architecture) coined the phrase lug nova, meaning â€Å"new light† to describe the effect of the stained-glass. Aside from transmitting light into the cathedral, the windows acted as a way to present religious illustrations and depictions of Holy Scripture.Although the glass is much more unstable than the rounding stone encasement and structure, Gothic architects were able to reinforce the glass with iron and other materials to make it withstand much weathering. A structure combining glass and stone support that became typical within French Gothic architecture was the rose window, a large circular window that combined the designs of the inside and outsides of the cathedral. The aim of overstated design of cathedrals was not limited Just to the inside of the buildings.While the stonework within the churches was more minimalist, the outsides were overfed with facades of religious sculptures. Acting as a central point to these facades, rose windows were covered in detailed stone work that was best seen from outside the cathedral. It was also a notable gothic style to have the sculptures of saints in a more unassuming manner. The statues began to have individual personalities and more nonjudgmental postures, showing the separate identities of the saints. Another feature of sculptural design was gargoyles.Acting as a way to direct rain water away from the building, gargoyles have played a key part in keeping he stone cathedrals from eroding and to minimize other water damage. Although occurring during a time of struggle, the Gothic era depicts the progression of France throughout this time. The advancements and stylistic techniques that were created continued throughout much of France's history and even spilled into English regions. Considering many of the cathedrals of this time have remained in decent condition even 800 years later, it is safe to say that Gothic style has passed the test of time.

The Importance of a Strong Human Resource Department †Business Research Paper (200 Level Course)

The Importance of a Strong Human Resource Department – Business Research Paper (200 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers The Importance of a Strong Human Resource Department Business Research Paper(200 Level Course) There are many facets a modern day business must posses before it can be deemed as successful. One important ingredient of the pie is a strong human resource section. For the last 13 years I have been an executive for Target Corporation; two of these years serving as the human resource manager of a building. Target focuses heavily on the strong development of each team, and team member, in all of our 1350 buildings across the United States. In this paper, I will discuss the structure and core roles of a human resource manager at Target as it relates to my current position in the building. To get a realistic view of an HR in Target, you must first understand their place in the building. In Target, there are 5 executive positions, similar to assistant store managers. Each position, although in charge of different areas in the building, holds similar weight in terms of importance and authority. There is a front end manager in charge of the cashiers and food service section. Two sales floor executives who handle each side of the selling floor. A logistics manager who runs the backroom, and an HR executive in charge of people piece. Becoming a store manager requires that a person runs at least three of the five executive positions for one year. On my route to store manager statues, I was lucky enough to be placed in two different stores as the HR executive. The core roles for HR in Target revolve around one â€Å"theme†: right people, right place and right time. As a logistics manager currently, I rely heavily on my HR to follow this theme to ensure my success. It all starts with the â€Å"right people†. My HR is responsible for hiring me the best possible candidates. Even for entry level positions, HR executives are picky about the type of people they hire. All candidates are first given a personality test that places them in a red, yellow or green hiring statues. Once a candidate passes with a yellow or a green, they are then subjected to at least two interviews, one with the HR and one with me. Putting new team member in the â€Å"right place† is also an important key to success, for them and the store. I expect my HR each week to update myself and fellow executives as to staffing plans, guidelines and current statues. We discuss as a group any staffing downfalls, problem employees and any areas that extra training is required. The HR then writes action plans and distributes them to us as an executive staff. My HR constantly gets updates from our executive staff on how many new people we need, if any schedule adjustments must be made and any â€Å"human† issues that require support from the executive staff. â€Å"Right time† in the retail world is as important as having merchandise to sell. This last piece encompasses two important things. It might sound odd, but retail HR teams have just entered into their own â€Å"Christmas Season†. At Target, we have entered into fourth quarter and Christmas is just around the corner. Our staffing needs just went from 125 people in an average Target store to over 200. It is the HR’s responsibility for the acquisition, training and scheduling of all these new team members. Marta McGough, my current HR said â€Å"It has always been said that July through October is Christmas for HR’s, from November to January their job’s should be easy if the planning and executive happened earlier in the year†. The second piece to â€Å"right time† deals with the development and promoting of internal team members to management. With the addition of 600 new Target stores in the next 4 years, we are constantly looking for internal talent to be the leaders of tomorrow. It is Hr’s role to coach and train the team members in the building who want a career with Target. My current HR holds many mock interview sessions with team members, trains them on professionalism and grooms them for promotions. The process one must go through to get a promotion with Target is very strenuous. Before any team members I sent to district interviews, they must first acquire the seal of approval of the stores HR representative, only then will they be even eligible to interview for a hirer position. One thing that I am very thankful for in terms of HR support is what I like to call the â€Å"shield†. The HR is prohibited from participating in many interactions with team members such as corrective action and does not normally conduct formal training with team members, they just orchestrate the interactions and ensure that all communication to team members is legal and productive. I personally have the tendency to say the wrong things that could potential put me in harms way with the legal system. That is all I will say about that. My HR I use as a shield to filter out things I can not do or I can not say to my team. The HR role constantly keeps up to date on legal trends and issues such as working off the clock, which has been in the news a lot lately due to our foe Walmart’s follies. A good HR plants their executives and is the little voice in the back of their heads keeping them in check as to the â€Å"right† things to do and to say. Research Papers on The Importance of a Strong Human Resource Department - Business Research Paper (200 Level Course)Moral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanResearch Process Part OneIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Hockey GameBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Information Systems - Essay Example It makes switching cost or consideration of an alternative costly that it discourages customers to switch to another system. The classic example we can cite is SAP procurement system. The program is being used by many big businesses across the globe that includes industry leaders such as BMW, Ericsson, BASF Corp., Audi, Burger King, just to name a few. SAP markets its product to its customers by stating that it could â€Å"boost contract spending and and enforce compliance with procurement guidelines† (SAP, 2012). The â€Å"contract boost spending† just meant that its potential customers will have more business because it will lock in their clients to their business and will make it extremely costly for them to find an alternative because the present system (using SAP) reduces procurement cost by â€Å"automating, simplifying and accelerate the business’ procure to pay process for goods and services (SAP, 2012). It thus emphasize operational efficiency that the consideration of an alternative would be prohibitive in terms of cost, human resource and time spent looking for another supplier because SAP will already streamline the purchase of goods and services. In other words, the system (SAP) will make the products and services exchanged between suppliers and customers to be cost effective or cheap as long as the customer will buy solely from the supplier that uses SAP. To further simplify how informational technology lock in the relationship between the supplier of goods, services or information and its customer, we can further cite the popular computer tablet of Amazon which is the Kindle Fire. Kindle Fire makes a good case of how a supplier locks in or lures its customer it uses this to differentiate itself from its dominant competitor, iPad of Apple. Amazon knows that it has the advantage of deep informational database over Apple which is its online bookstore Amazon and would like to capitalize on this advantage to take away Apple iPadà ¢â‚¬â„¢s market share on the computer tablet business. Instead of offering numerous apps and competing with the technical features of iPad which Amazon knows it cannot measure up, Amazon instead offered numerous books and magazines for free with their Kindle Fire and will sell the same if a customer will purchase them using the iPad. It is short of saying that many books and magazines are free if you buy Kindle Fire and it will cost you a lot if you buy iPad. In addition, Amazon also offer their Kindle Fire way cheaper than Apple’s iPad and market it more as a book and magazine reader to differentiate from iPad. Above all, Amazon also offers unlimited cloud storage for books and magazines for free that was procured from Amazon. In the same vein, the same services of cloud storage will cost a lot if customers will buy it from their iPads because they have to buy the books at premium prices from Amazon which were free with Kindle and they have to pay again if they want to save it in Amazon’s cloud storage. In the examples stated, it showed that informational technology is not just used to make business efficient, but also made as a tool to keep existing customers and make the alternative costly for them. Information technology will not only make switching costs expensive but could also be used as a strategic capability that would serve as a barrier to new entrants into its markets. The classic example we can use to illustrate how companies make

PDA Sim Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PDA Sim - Essay Example The X6 is the high end product in its second year of production. This consumer segment shops for performance and increasing the R&D expense should be able to be offset by an associated increase in price. The goal will be to raise the market share to 30%, which will require sales of approximately 1 million units. The X7 is a new entrant that is a combination of attractive price and performance. Currently it is priced at $200 and is the lowest cost PDA in the lineup. Increasing the sales on the X7 should result in lowering the marginal cost and increasing the profit. Last year it lost money due to low sales. According to Pete Cunningham, senior analyst at Canalys, "With the rapid increase in demand for new features and services, smartphones are migrating into the higher volume, mid-range market segments" (qtd. in "Symbian Fast Facts Q4 2007"). It will be assumed that the smartphone and the PDA has similar market dynamics. The strategy question becomes, can we increase price and market share As a compromise, the price will be increased moderately and R&D spending increased significantly. The outcome for run number 1 was $965,929,406. One of the problems with the strategy was that after lowering the price to $200, it hit saturation the next year. ... The theory is that the X7 needs more R&D money allocated to get the performance necessary to gain market share. Part of the strategy will be to recover the increase in R&D costs of the X7 by increasing the price. In addition, the X6 began to lose sales in the fourth year. The new strategy will be to raise the prices on the X6 and X7 at $450 and $250, but decrease the X6 R&D funding, while increasing the R&D on the X7. This is based on the theory that the older and more mature X6 product will not benefit as much from R&D as the newly developed X7. During this run, the X& R&D will increase when the X5 is discontinued as there is a price similarity and the X7 is a newer and better performing product. The beginning scenario: X5 Price $225 R&D 5% X6 Price $450 R&D 35% X7 Price $250 R&D 60% Outcome and Analysis Run Number 2 The profit from run number 2 was 1,048,169,006. This was only marginally higher than run number 1. One of the problems encountered was that the X6 began to lose sales volume during the third and fourth year as it began to saturate the market during the third year. In addition, the X7 sales never caught on, even with the increase in R&D. Run Number 3 Strategy For run number 3, I used the strategy from run number 2 with the following changes: Reduce the price on the X7 and increase its R&D spending. Decrease the R&D on the X6 after the 2nd year. Also, the price will be reduced on the X6 at that time. The beginning scenario: X5 Price $200 R&D 5% X6 Price $450 R&D 30% X7 Price $200 R&D 65% Outcome and Analysis Run Number 3 The profit from run number 3 was 1,156,812,698. This was the highest to date and was approximately 20 percent above the original simulation. The X7 sale volume rose as anticipated, though the X6 fell off

Analyze and discuss that negative connotation, first explaining what Essay

Analyze and discuss that negative connotation, first explaining what you believe the phrase Slant of light refers to in Emily Dickinsons Poem 258, - Essay Example In the first two lines of the poem Dickinson describes a certain quality of light, which leads the reader to think of it as a poem about nature. In stanzas two and three, the reader finds that the poem is not on nature, but the ‘light â€Å"spoken of, is about as state of mind. In alluding light to be â€Å"Cathedral Tunes† or â€Å"winter light â€Å" Dickinson uses the important feature of light to explain the person’s state of mind when encountering the light but not the light itself. Poem #258 is made up of for stanzas each having four lines and is mostly in the trochaic meter. In describing Dickinson’s poems, Edith Wylder said, â€Å"Her punctuation system is an integral part of her attempt to create in written form the precision of meaning inherent in the tone of the human voice. (Edith Wylder, 1971) therefore the use of the word light is more implied in Dickinson’s poem and is not used with its literal

China Currency Exchange Rate Essay Example for Free

China Currency Exchange Rate Essay The currency regime adopted by China is neither fixed nor flexible exchange rate system. China has announced in 2005 the â€Å"end of its firm peg against the dollar, instead allowing it to trade within a narrow band against a basket of currencies.† China regime is managed floating system where the currency increases very slowly year by year and the China government prevent the currency from changing quickly in the short term. The reason why Chinese government intervene in the currency market is to lower exchange rate to increase employment, maintain a fixed rate to maintain stability and improve their current account deficit. China government manage its currency rate by buying foreign currencies to increase supply of China currency, therefore lowering its currency value. They also lower the value of its currency by lowering their interest rates. In the case of China, it is very difficult and challenging for them to adopt the fixed exchange rate system due to their disadvantages. Firstly, China government must always adjust its interest rate so maintain the exchange rate. Changing the interest rate frequently will cause fluctuations in investments and growth and also stable employment. There is also a possibility that the export rate may be set at the wrong level. For example, if it was set at a higher level, this could affect China export competitiveness and their domestic market will suffer. Question 4b Though China has been heavily criticised by some foreign countries like USA for their practice, there are some advantages to managed flow system. Firstly, the managed flow system will ensure stability in China compared to floating. This is because if China suddenly appreciate their currency, their exports production will suffer and there will be lots of unemployment as a result. However there are disadvantages to managed floating system as well. People will try to challenge the earn funds from the currency as this system is very prone to speculative attack. Experiences have shown that speculative attacks could decrease the growth of a country’s gross domestic product by 6 percent or more.

Language Very Important Part Of Everyday Life English Language Essay

Language Very Important Part Of Everyday Life English Language Essay Language is a very important part of everyday life. It is used to communicate in every aspect. Emails, conversations, signs and symbols, are just a few examples of our way of communicating with others, and without language this would not be possible. By definition language is, a body of words, symbols, signs, sounds, gestures, and the systems for their use common to people who are of the same community, nation or same cultural tradition (dictionary.com). Language is not just the way a person talks, there is a lot more to it than that. A person who is deaf does not use the oral aspect of language; they use signs and gestures that were developed for such purpose, called sign language. Other known gestures that are not always verbally expressed and are part of a more vulgar and offensive language that most people nationwide recognize such as the use of the middle finger. Written language, another form of non verbal communication, has been used for centuries. Some of the earliest uses of the written language were hieroglyphics, scrolls, engravings in stone, and many others. Throughout history the written language has enhanced and became our second most used way of communication. Another form of language that many do not think of is using our sense of hearing. People have been trained in their minds to know what people in different situations are communicating, whether it a cry of pain, sobs from someone in tears, or the honk! from the road ragers. Each sense plays its own role in language which will be explained further at a later time. Symbols are a part of our everyday life and also another part of language. Language is a very broad and not fully understood word that is necessary in everyday life. How? In this reading language will be broken down so that one may understand what language is, how is used in this nation, and furthermore how it is used universally. Language is more than just a means of communication (ONeil). Language is used all over the world every day. Language derives its meaning from culture, every culture is embodied in the language it speaks. Every language is rooted in the culture that speaks it (Universal Language). Language is used in every culture, and enrooted in the regions where someone lives, but that does not change how language is used. Language can be taken back to the beginning of time. Symbols in caves, which have been found, photographed and interpreted; scrolls found from the earliest teachings, to the stone engravings, the use of language began way before those who are living now. Without language, learning would not be possible. As we get older we use every source of language there is. When we learn to talk, read, write, drive, basically everything we learn to do is learning another form of language. As a student you explore the cultures, communities, people and languages of the world (Ziegler). In school children are introduced to multilanguages. Every culture, nation, and community has its own language. They may write differently, speak differently, and have different means of learning; however the use of language still remains unchanged (Ziegler). Language is used in the workplace, to communicate sales, used in every aspect of customer services, by contractors and construction workers, janitors, politics; basically every corner of a persons job has language involved. Language is also used in lifes rituals. In the car ride to work, one must use language skills to read signs, to drive a car, those using a GPS, and to communicate with other passengers. And also used when having a phone conversation, when reading a book or recipes, when talking to family and friends, and when using our senses to know what is going on around us. Our senses play a very important role in knowing language. Our sense of sight allows us to read the written language. Our sense of hearing allows us to hear t he words one is trying to communicate and to hear the sounds around us that are also communicating what is going on in our surroundings. Our sense of touch allows us to communicate when something is hot or cold, sharp or dull; our sense of touch communicates with our brain even during the most intimate touches. Our sense of taste is another form of language our body communicates with our brain. Lastly is our sense of smell. Smell is very important, one example is when there is a fire; the smell communicates with our brain, which causes a chain reaction, once our brain gets the signal from the smell, we then call emergency services, and so on. Every aspect of our lives is a form of language. And furthermore it is a very important part of the function of this nation. In the United States, language plays a big role in government. We are given the rights to free speech, which is our right to communicate verbally. We are given freedom of press, which gives us the freedom to the written language. We have relied on these freedoms based on the written words that have given us these rights which are exercising the written language. Along with the written language, during the birth of the USA, government set language guidelines for the immigrants who wished to live in this country in hopes to develop a national language. When one wished to move to this country they were first registered at Ellis Island, and then they were required to learn to speak English in order to become a citizen. The national language was in full swing, until the amount of immigrants coming in became hard to track. There is no national language currently set. Although English is technically the main language, Spanish is our secondary and so on. The USA has become such a diverse nat ion; there are several languages that are becoming more and more used. Telemarketers, billing centers, government agencies, etc. all have the Spanish option when beginning your phone call. This is where multi-languages come in, and the attempt at universal language. A universal language by definition is, any kind of expression that is used and understood everywhere (Dictionary.com). A universal language is essential in todays world. Modern communication and transport accelerate mass migrations from one continent to another (Schlesinger). Due to the high amount of travelling that is done worldwide, a universal language is a must. Many companies have already developed a universal language using logos that will be recognized everywhere. Universal language is a visual and picture language, which will fill the need (Universal Language). That is exactly what companies like McDonalds have done. When travelling to China, France, Israel, wherever one travels they will always recognize the golden arches. Pepsi, Coke, Nike, Lincoln, the Olympic Rings, all are symbols (pictures) that are recognized in every culture and nation. According Pei, the universal language is intended to bring people of different linguistic backgrounds together and form communicatio n among them to reduce the amount of misunderstandings (Pei). This however is yet to be developed though many have tried it is yet to come about.